Charles Dickens: A Biography

Charles Dickens one of the greatest authors of all time. Dickens wrote on the people of the Industrial Revolution and on truth and realism. Dickens wrote about every aspect of life and included all classes of society. Dickens used experiences from his own life and turned them into creativity for his novels and other writings. Charles Dickens was one of the greatest authors of English Literature because he wrote on the issues and problems that concerned the lives of the people around him. Charles Dickens was born in February 1812 in Portsmouth, England to a middle social class that influenced much of his work later in life (Smiley1). Charles Dickens used his imagination and his creations to make up things and put them in stories. Dickens envisioned people and the world in the city as a physical place. He saw human activity as a focus of interest and setting for a story (Nelson 28-29). Dickens literary career began by writing for Monthly Magazine and London Evening Chronicles when he wrote the Sketches of Boz (Gissing 7). Dickens also wrote Parliamentary debates and feature articles based on his experience and observations in the Parliament (Smiley 1). In his work Dickens largely reflected the political economic and social aspects of the society comprising of the poor, peasants, workers, landlords, the rich, and the state. Dickens wrote in the 19th century England that was characterized by oppressed poor masses with few rights. The society at this time had an oppressive bureaucracy whose machinations made the life for the poor almost unbearably, and Dickens provided information reflecting injustices of the system and the resulting exploitation of the poor. Through Dickens’ series of stories like Sketches of Boz and Pickwick Papers published on the Morning of Chronicles he made known the suffering of the poor using a quick wit and significant intuitiveness about their lives (Smiley 4). Dickens wrote fourteen novels in three years with eight of them having 875 pages (Nelson 25-29). Dickens concentrated on performing one of the most profound 19th century social commentaries denouncing poverty and social stratification using works such as Oliver Twist and Hard Times. Through his social commentaries Dickens brought up strong cases of poverty, crime, misfortunes of being poor, class stratifications, bleak economic systems, treatments of the poor, and condemnation of inconsiderable public institutions. In bringing out the snobbery of the aristocracy and the oppressive of the poor, Dickens used satire that served well to bring out indignities. Dickens used fancy and realism with a satirical overriding style that formed his style. Dickens used irony, which formed a significant part of bringing to light his arguments and showing his anger at oppression (Smiley 8). Dickens’ works were presented in weekly and monthly installments. They were affordable, accessible, and regular for all making his commentary more profound. Dickens in the 19th century was a writer who used novels, essays, and short stories to bring to light social injustices against the poor. Through his writings, he also reflected on the extent and impact of poverty on the society in the time period. Through his reflections Dickens presented powerful social and political views criticizing the rich and the state and arguing out the cause of the poor. Dickens political message was on the pressure, liberty, improvement and equality expressed as part of social reform and criticism. Dickens pointed out the flaws of greed for money and criticized the neglect of the poor such as through the book Oliver Twist that show the life of a poor boy, who from his birth suffers misfortunes and misery at the hands of the people only willing to use the poor as an means to end riches. In his political expression, Dickens shows his outrage at the leadership for allowing degradation and criticizes the Poor Laws that dedicated public charity (Smiley 14). In Oliver Twist, Dickens offers a biting social commentary focusing on victimization and abandonment (Smiley 14). In his illustrations he uses the concept of the workhouses found in all cities, where the poor are left to half starve (Dickens 6a). The focuses of the book Oliver Twist were showing the oppression of the poor and abuse of the poor children as perpetrated by the state. Dickens highly disapproved of how the state treats the poor and orphaned children, which he brings to light through institutional abuse. In Oliver Twist Dickens shows institutional failure and abuse by referring to the Parish running the warehouse in which Oliver was born and that approves he will be taken to an orphanage with very poor conditions with little food or hygiene and where children were taken for offending against the poor laws (Dickens 7a). Dickens disapproved of the work house policy such as Oliver was taken to when he turned 12, where the poor underwent emotional and physical abuse, and where children were liable to punishment even with out enough reason (Brennan and Norton pg. 504). Nevertheless, Dickens’ most profound political commentary was his disapproval of the new Poor Law of 1834 that came into effect to relieve the society of the burden of taking care of the poor and made poverty almost a crime (Fletcher 1). The law established the workhouse to house the poor seeking public assistance, although in there people suffered humiliation, stigma, emotional branding, and deprivation of both psychological and physical needs (Brennan and Norton pg. 504). The state imposed a deliberate inadequacy in the workhouses that made many option out to suffer on the streets to face public aid (Fletcher 3). In additional to institutional criticism, Dickens denounces that the goodness of the workhouses in instilling the value of working and denounces the Christian virtue of he middle class bureaucrats that subjected the poor to cruelty in the name of charity (Dickens 18 a). Dickens shows that the system has made the poor commodities for proving labor for the rich, the powerful and the state, and shows how the system has led to crime and prostitution as the poor try to escape the oppression (Fletcher 1). Unfortunately, the class of people that suffered most from the enactment of the Poor Laws and Workhouses were the children, the old, and the sick that were unable to fend for themselves on the streets (Fletcher 4). In addition to political sentiments, Dickens offers socialist ideologies by providing insight into social reforms, such as in the story â€Å"A Christmas Carol† that tells the story of Ebenezer Scrooge a misery old man who sees Christmas as an excuse for the poor to expect handouts and for the people to miss work. Through the character Scrooge, Dickens brings home the opinion that the rich in the Victorian 19th century society concentrated more on attaining and retaining wealth, characteristics of capitalism instead of helping the poor (Pike). In qualifying this opinion, Scrooge considers it sufficient to pay taxes and considered the poor as idle and lazy therefore should not be given charity. Dickens shows that society should recognize the plight of the poor and contribute towards treating them more humanely. Scrooge embodies the prosperous English classes that see the poor as nothing and who think their responsibility towards helping others end with paying taxes (Book Rag Book Notes). Using the story of Scrooge, Dickens calls welfare from the poor showing that being unchairitable may lead to misfortune such as befell Marley a dead partner of Scrooge and as will happen to Scrooge if he does not change. Dickens’ socialist view such as in the book are however not through collectivism of resources, but through the rich coming in to help the poor, thus his ocialist ideals are that of charity and social responsibility of the rich towards the poor. Charles Dickens was one of the greatest authors of English Literature because he wrote on the issues and problems that concerned the lives of the people around him. Dickens achieved worldwide popularity for his novels, rich storytelling and memorable characters. He created scenes and descriptions of places that have longed delighted readers. Dickens was a keen observer of life and had a great understanding of humanity, especially of young people.Works Cited http://www.bookrags.com/notes/xmas/TOP1

Christian Commission Essay

The foregoing discussion showed that during the civil war women served in many capacities. They helped in the war effort even though they only stayed at home by knitting socks and sewing shirts and uniforms; they organized themselves in order to raise funds for the war chest; they acted as medics and field nurses; and some of them, who proved as brave if not braver than the others, literally risked their lives by playing the dangerous game of espionage. However, their participation in the war did not stop there. They defied the law in both the North and the South which prohibited women to join the army as fighting soldiers by posing as men. Both the Union and the Confederate armies were duped into drafting women disguised as men. Although most of them were probably propelled by extreme patriotism, it turned out that many joined the army for other, more personal reasons. One of the most notable women soldiers in the Union army was Sarah Emma Edmonds. Sarah joined the army as a volunteer in Michigan, where she enlisted as a man by the name of Franklin Thompson. (Lewis, 2007) She later served with the 2nd Michigan Infantry for a couple of years. It was reported that there were times when she had to act as a spy disguised either as a black man or as a ‘woman. ’(Hall, n. d. ) She was reported to have seen action in the â€Å"Battle of Blackburn’s Ford, the Peninsular Campaign, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. † According some accounts, she later deserted and became a nurse with the â€Å"U. S. Christian Commission. † (Lewis, 2007) However, there were reports that she voluntarily left the army after contracting malaria and feared that she would be found out if she would submit for treatment. (CivilWarStudies. org, n. d. ) Her application for a veteran’s pension which was approved in 1884 was given under the name Sarah E. E. Seelye, her married name. (Lewis, 2007) She was later named to the â€Å"Grand Army of the Republic,† the lone female to have been so named. (Hall, n. d. ) Another interesting story was that of Malinda Blalock. In her desire to be with her husband, William Mckesson Blalock (known as Keith to friends), she pretended to be William’s brother, Samuel. She then joined F Company of the â€Å"26th North Carolina Infantry† where Keith was also serving. Malinda was a Confederate by heart while Keith was a dyed-in-the-wool â€Å"Lincolnite† and was loyal to the Union cause. Although Keith was pressured by his family and fiends into joining the Confederate Army, he was always entertaining thoughts of deserting as soon as an opportunity presented itself. Malinda, despite being a loyal Confederate subject, was prepared to desert with him anytime. (Hall, n. d. ) However, the opportunity for desertion not having presented itself, the couple fought alongside each other under the Confederate flag (in a total of three battles) until March 1862 when Malinda sustained a shoulder wound. Afraid that they would be separated as soon as it was known that Malinda was a woman and forced out of the unit, Keith covered himself with poison oak to develop skin blisters and high fever. Fearing a case of small pox, the company doctor decided to discharge him for medical reason. The couple left Company F together on April 20, 1862 and went home to the â€Å"mountains of western North Carolina† to rest. The risk of recall to duty remained for Keith, however. So what the two did was hide in the mountains and turned Union guerillas, operating in the mountainous areas of East Tennessee and western North Carolina. Keith and Malinda later functioned as scouts attached to the â€Å"10th Michigan Cavalry. † (Halls, n. d. ) There was also a case involving a 19-year-old immigrant from Ireland. He gave the name Albert D. J. Cashier when he signed up with the 95th Illinois Infantry on August 3, 1862. He was said to have participated in about forty major and minor battles until August 17, 1865. After his stint with the Union army, he found employment as an ordinary laborer and ultimately received a pension. He later lived in a Soldier’s Home located in Quincy, Illinois where, in 1913, he was eventually discovered by a home surgeon that he was actually a she. Albert D. J. Cashier’s being a woman made the headlines. Nobody who knew her during her whole adult life ever suspected that she was in reality a woman. On October 11, 1914, Cashier died in an asylum for the mentally ill. (Blanton, 1993)

Modern, post-modern and other critical approaches ( Subject of your Essay

Modern, post-modern and other critical approaches ( Subject of your choice) - Essay Example One such aspect affected by postmodernism in any aspect of a business, marketing in particular, involves the sphere of business ethics, because it is in the marketing function that the business makes a promise to its customers, and customers respond on the basis of this promise in the corresponding sale. If there is an aspect of business that must be as categorical and definite as possible, it is this interface between the customer and the firm. Ethics is governed by a set of norms and values that define relationships between people. In the context of business, ethical behaviour, or one that is conceived to be, is necessary to maintain trust in what is essentially a fiduciary relationship (as between transacting parties, faith that each counterparty will comply with his or her obligations). Were such a relationship governed by the subjectivity of postmodernism, then the clarity of obligations between parties – what is promised and how it should be accomplished – will be tantamount to an unenforceable matter because of a lack of definition. For this reason, there have been spirited debates about the effect of postmodernism on the conduct of business ethics. This paper shall first discuss the meaning and significance of postmodern marketing and its usefulness as a strategic business tool; thereafter, the discussion shall well on the degree to which postmodern marketing may promote or impede realization of imperatives of business ethics. Meaning of postmodernism vis-a-vis modernism Before the topic of â€Å"postmodern marketing† could be discussed, it is necessary to give a meaning to the term â€Å"postmodern† – and upon a quick scan of the available literature, the only impression that the reader is left with is that postmodernism defies definition. The term conveys something that is â€Å"after modern†. The dilemma in this term is that the layman’s connotation of â€Å"modern† is that of the here and now; therefore there can never be an after-now, because â€Å"modern† is always current and always new. As much as been said by some authors, who state that â€Å"modern would seem to be a time-descriptive term, not a fixed state, and therefore †modern† and â€Å"postmodern† had often been interchanged and are, sometimes, used to connote the same thing (Alloway, 1981). To this reader’s mind, it amusedly mirrors the similarity between â€Å"flammable† and â€Å"inflammable† that the inclusion of a prefix does not change the meaning conveyed. One’s misconceptions are set aright, however, with the explanation Firat, Dholakia, and Venkatesh (1994) about the distinction between modernism and postmodernism. Modernism does not describe the attribute of things due to their currency in time, but rather a state of mind in viewing things. In postmodernism, the individual, self, freedom, agency, and structure, all of these become â€Å"ephemera l rather than essential and fixed† (Firat, et al., 1994, p. 40). They are viewed as imaginary, as in a myth system, compared to modernism’s concept of things as essential and fixed. When something is allowed to be a myth, however, then it ceases to have a substantial reality, and instead may assume several essences, to as many who would perceive it. The reality of the thing exists in the mind of the viewer, and if this mythical reality is to be sustained over its substantive

Management styles. The Jefferson Clinton Hotel Assignment

Management styles. The Jefferson Clinton Hotel - Assignment Example Management styles that have been used Democratic style This is one of the most suitable managerial styles used in any organization. Using this style, the manager does not make decisions on his own. Before any decisions are made, the manager must consult with the employees of the organization. This means that everyone is included in the decision making process. By including the employees in the decisions making process, they become motivated to work in the organization because they were involved which means they are working under the same rules that they helped to create. This management style is particularly ideal in very complex organizational settings like the Jefferson Clinton Hotel. The hotel has employed many workers and this style is the best style that can be used to manage all of them. Persuasive style This type of management style borrows a few skills from the autocratic management style. However, the persuasive manager remains in control over the decision making process. But this manager will spend time with his employees and try to convince them of the benefits of the decision that would be made. The employees do not have a say in the decision making process. However, the employees of the hotel feel like they are motivated because they now see the benefits of the decisions even if they were not involved in the decision making process. This management style is used in the event that decisions require to be made urgently and there is no time to go through the normal decision making process that is normally there within the hotel that involves the employees as well. 3. Consultative style This management style is more of a dictatorial management style, whereby the employees have no say in what happens. However, the decisions are made in the best interests of the employees. This mean s that the needs of the employees are brought forward first. Using this management style, communication between the employees and the management is mainly in a downwards direction. This means that the employees do not communicate with the employees. However, feedback is very much encouraged as it helps in boosting the morale of the employees. The manager therefore consults the employees when making a decision but the employees are not involved in the decision making process. The hotel has adopted these management styles due to the fact that there are some instances where decisions need to be made quickly and urgently. There is therefore no adequate time to go through the normal decision making process where the employees are involved in the process. The type of management style that an organization chooses to use is very important as it can help to develop the organization even further or pull it behind (Greenhaus, Callanan&Godshalk, 2009, p. 178). Leadership characteristics The man ager of an organization is also the leader of the employees in that organization. This therefore means that the leader should be able to lead the employees very well. The employees look up to the employees for guidance and

Environmental effects on leukemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental effects on leukemia - Essay Example This is what will be dissertated in the following. Leukemia is clinically and pathologically split up in to its acute and chronic forms. The acute form of leukemia is characterized by the rapid growth of immature blood cells. â€Å"Acute forms of leukemia can occur in children and young adults.† (Wikipedia, 2006). If left untreated, this form of leukemia will cause the patient to die within months or even weeks. The chronic form of leukemia is different in that it is distinguished by the excessive buildup of relatively mature, but still abnormal, blood cells. â€Å"Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can theoretically occur in any age group.† (Wikipedia, 2006). Effects of leukemia are things such as damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal marrow cells with increasing numbers of malignant cells; and easy bruising, excessive bleeding, and even the development of pinprick bleeds (or petechiae). Other related symptoms of leukemia include: fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms; weakne ss and fatigue; loss of appetite and/or weight; swollen or bleeding gums; neurological symptoms (headache). The effects that the environment has on leukemia are many. Firstly, there are possible environmental causes in relation to the cause of childhood leukemia. Although not many agents have actually been officially documented as causes of leukemia, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, most researchers believe that â€Å"†¦it takes 2 or 3 ‘hits’ to the DNA in just the right places to turn a normal developing cell into a leukemia cell.† (Ped-Onc Resource Center, 2005). These ‘hits’ are considered to be either totally and completely random, or that perhaps they are due to causes or exposure to something in the environment. The effects of the environment in regards to leukemia is not only categorized with children, however. Our blood perfuses all of our body’s organs and can carry toxic

A critical response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A critical response paper - Essay Example Mr. Swift felt deeply for the poor people of Ireland and did not like to see them in the professionally poor conditions that they had come to be in. He wished they would learn better ways to live their lives and this was the main focus of this proposal. Mr. Swift chose a satire to get his point across which according to the age must have been quite a shock to the people. The writer gave a proposal and then supported it by giving a long list of arguments. As we read through the first impression is of disgust, but on and on we realize a write up which hits on the kingdom which is very irresponsible of its poor populations’ fate. A look into Mr. Swift’s life and we see a shining light. Mr. Swift lived in Ireland, which â€Å"was a poor country and was deliberately kept poor by England. It was overpopulated and desperately poor, heavily taxed, with no say in its own affairs. English absentee landlords owned most of the Irish land and crippled its infrastructure deliberately so that there would be no threat from the country† (Cody). Seeing the predicament Mr. Swift was angry and frustrated. His anger at the ‘owners’ of Ireland is evident when he says, â€Å"the remaining hundred thousand may at a year old be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom, always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends; and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter† (Swift). The writer seemed to make very irrational statements. The very essence of the ‘modesty’ of the article is the irrationality of the prolific use of the positive outcomes of a single event that will cause the poor to prosper. Mr. Swift succeeded

Movie Indusrty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie Indusrty - Essay Example cing companies make film production equipment affordable; they create opportunities of acquiring investment capital from outside the movie industry itself. In essence, they have allowed independent movie production to grow. Some of the major centers of film making can be said to be, Nigeria, Hong Kong and India (Scott, 2005). This paper will conduct a research on the global perspective view of the United States film industry with reference to other known production countries; this in view in terms of India and Hong Kong. The difference from these centers falls under the place where the movies stand to be filmed. With the reasoning of labor and infrastructure costs, most movies are made in states different from the one in which the organization, owing to the film, is situated. For example, many U.S. movies are filmed in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and New Zealand or Eastern European countries. The largest producer of films in the world stands to be India. It produces nearly 3000 films on celluloid, which include a stunning figure of 1288 featured movies (Lee, 2002). Indian film industry covers multiple languages and the largest in the globe with a view of the tickets purchased and the number of movies created (Lee, 2002). The industry enjoys the support of the main vast film-going Indian society. For this reason, Indian films have been earning popularity in the rest of the world; this being noted in countries with large numbers of migrated Indians. The largest movie industry in India refers to Hindi film industry. It concentrates in Mumbai, and people commonly referred to it as "Bollywood". The name amalgamates itself from Bombay and Hollywood (Lee, 2002). Hong Kong stands as a film-producing hub for the Chinese speakers. It falls under the third largest film industry in the globe and the second largest exporter of movies. Hong Kong movies stand out for their unique identity and play a vital part on the world cinema scene. Unlike many movies, Hong Kong

The topic can be proposed by the writer Assignment - 16

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Assignment Example As such, the business must always create appropriate share transfer restrictions (Mallor, 2013). By-laws are among the most appropriate forms of share transfer restrictions. The by-laws show and protect the interest of the company by postulating how the shareholders should trade their shares. At Stufft Farms, Inc. the laws state that shareholders must first offer his or her shares to the firm and shareholders. The principle of separation grants the corporation the freedom and ability to buy its shares since corporations are legal entities. When the other four offered their shares, the by-laws gave David Stufft the exclusive right to purchase the shares at the book value. David Stufft is a shareholder and, therefore, has the right to buy the shares at book value before any shareholder of the company offers to sell the shares to any third party. His interest to purchase the shares grants him exclusive right to purchase them and to do so at book

Criminology in the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminology in the Future - Essay Example As criminals become more sophisticated in their use of technology, forms of crime committed by them also become increasingly complex and difficult to understand and manage. Thus police and security officials must stay current in their knowledge and understanding of emerging crime, and both well resourced and expert regarding their own technological capabilities (p.36). Schmalleger (2012, Chapter 13) considered technology to be one of the causes of new forms of crime, since it facilitates new forms of criminal behavior. In his Chapter 13, Schmalleger (2012) named several types of cybercrimes, including crimes requiring use of modern technology, such as identity theft. All of these types of crimes arose out of technological innovations. However, criminal justice system has been revolutionized too since the 1970’s, all due to new technologies (Peterson & Leggett, 2007, p.621). Modern technology has revolutionized the criminal justice system. DNA testing by forensic biologists has become crucial in many capital offenses, as it exonerated many innocent defendants and eliminated blind faith in the criminal justice system (Petherick, Turvey & Ferguson, 2010, p.309). In 1990, the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) was established in order to gather DNA of all convicted felons (Peterson & Leggett, 2007, p.635 - 636). Use of computers has been crucial in fighting crime as well. In the 1980’s, first computerized databases of forensic evidence were established (Peterson & Leggett, 2007, p.630). Database forensics evolved, and soon became crucial in fighting cybercrimes (Khanuja & Adane, 2011, p.170). More subfields evolved. Forensic toxicology enables testing of drugs and other chemical compounds found on the crime scene (Petherick, Turvey & Ferguson, 2010, p.432). Other forensic scientists conduct fire debris analysis, which is again a chemical compound analysis (Petherick, Turvey & Ferguson, 2010, p.434). Trace evidence analysis

Eastern Religions Essay Example for Free

Eastern Religions Essay As far as the studies of Eastern religions show, the founders and saints of the religions exemplify the central virtues of the community. There is no wonder that this feature characterizes the religions because there is always a thirst for perfection in every community and in every nation. In Indian culture, the main figures are Buddha, Yudhishtira and Arjuna. Buddha represents the virtue of giving up comfort for the highest good and following the Eightfold path (right speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration, view and intentions). Yudhishtira represents the virtues of wisdom and justice. Yudhishtira lived for justice, and patiently suffered humiliation and exile. An important representative of Indian culture is Arjuna whose greatest virtues were morality, duty, the idea of karma yoga, acting with holy indifference. We can conclude that all the mentioned central figures reflect the main virtues in Indian culture because the virtues which are the most valued in Indian lecture have always been wisdom, justice, holy indifference. In Chinese culture central figures are Confucius and Lao Tzu. Confucius represents the virtue of goodness which includes an effective concern for well-being of others, rightness, loyalty, knowledge and trust. On the contrary, Lao Tzu completely disagrees with Confucius’ ethics and represents the ideals of primitive utopia without the corrupting accoutrements of civilization. Thus, Confucius’ ethics rather shows the ideals which are reflected in Chinese culture because high morals and values play an important role in their culture. In our opinion, it’s very important for religions to have a central figure of a perfect person because it gives people an idea that they have to be like him and they become kinder. The readings about the mentioned central figures in religions support my opinion that Eastern religions devote lots of attention to questions of high morals and this makes the nations virtuous.

Cultural treatment of promiscuous women and illegitimate children

Cultural treatment of promiscuous women and illegitimate children The headline read, One out of 12 in America Held to be Illegitimate; Issuance of Partial Birth Certificates Proposed to Avoid Embarrassments (Staff, 1944, p. 4). The assertion conjures a mental image of hundreds of decadent, low socioeconomic status, immoral women and her filius nullius (Latin term meaning, son of nobody). Parents of the single, gravid woman were shamed, mortified or disgusted by the sexual promiscuity of their daughter; how they could face their friends after learning of the daughters transgression? Is this the first era of social stigma related to a child borne by an unmarried woman? The samplings of historical data below indicate no. The Bible speaks often to a debauched woman and her bastard offspring. For example, Galatians 5:19-21 (English Standard Version): 19 Now, the works of the flesh are evident: sexual immorality, impurity, sensuality, 20 Idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, divisions, 21 Envy, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God. Figure Lillian Gish (1926)In 1850, Nathanial Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. Set in a Puritan colony, his central character Hester Prynne, gave birth to an illegitimate daughter because of an adulterous affair. Hester was publicly shamed and forced to wear a red letter A on her chest, identifying her as an adulterer. She experienced cruelty, humiliation, and ostracism from the people of the community. She eventually realized the fortitude of her spirit. The novel is 160 years old, yet the moral dilemmas of personal responsibility, and consuming emotions of guilt, anger, loyalty and revenge are enduring. Unfair treatment and the stigma really permeate all aspects of society. Its still expected that people will marry and that theres something weird about you if you dont. Thomas Coleman In the year 1944, when the above article appeared in The Pittsburgh Press, the institution of marriage before parenthood was the virtuous and accepted way of life. Women were expected to love and obey their husbands. bas ·tard (basà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²tÉâ„ ¢rd) noun a person born of parents not married to each other; illegitimate child anything spurious, inferior, or varying from standard Slang a person regarded with contempt, hatred, pity, resentment, etc. or, sometimes, with playful affection: a vulgar usage Etymology: ME Vocabulary to describe the child borne of an unmarried woman varies throughout literature. Bastard is the most prolific term used in the earliest writings. A bastard is a person born out of wedlock whose father is not listed on the birth certificate and legal status is illegitimacy. Bastards had no right to inherit property from his or her parents except through a will. In the mid-20th century, discrimination against children born out of wedlock became subject to constitutional limitation under the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment (Columbia, 2009, p. 1). Illegitimate, love child, whoreson, spurious; terminology referring to the child borne of an unmarried mother may be perceived as vilifying the child. The mother, whos referenced by the terms unwed, unmarried, or single, was a pariah. Often, the pregnant single woman was scuttled off to a residential home for unwed mothers. The occurrence of out-of-wedlock births has been rising over the past 70 years. In the 1940s, fewer than five percent of the total births were out of wedlock (Ventura, 2009). In the 1940s and 1950s, unwed mothers were strongly encouraged to give their children up for adoption. Commonly, an illegitimate child raised by grandparents or married relatives believed the unwed mother was his sister or he was her nephew. Between 1940 and 1960, the escalation of out-of-wedlock births was subtle. Since the 1970s, increases in the number, rate, and ratio of out-of-wedlock births have been dramatic. In addition, the size of the unmarried population has increased as a result of the high birth rates during late 1940s through the early 1960s, along with the unprecedented deferment of marriage by the baby-boomers (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [DHHS], 1995, p. 4). Little in the literature discusses the biosocial and psychosocial influences upon the child or the mother. However, researchers have gathered a multitude of statistics demonstrating the delayed cognitive development of the child of a single parent. Unwed teenage mothers and their children are more likely living in lower socioeconomic conditions. The mothers face multiple risks of dropping out of school and becoming part of the economic underclass (Drummond Hansford, 1992, p. 529). The unwed mothers were perceived by society as deadbeats ripping off the American taxpayer. Additionally, the societal concern of Americans over teenage mothers was that babies are having babies; that 16 year old girls were too young and unprepared for the responsibilities of single parenthood (Whitehead, 2007, p. 6). The negativity surrounding unmarried mothers and their children was rampant during the years prior to 1970. That is not to say the mind-set completely disappeared at the stroke of midnight on December 31, 1969. The public opinion of unmarried mothers remains. How that opinion is manifested has undergone changes. The transformation of the single-parent family from uncommonness to an established family style was one of the most dramatic social changes of the 20th century. Only 1 in 10 children lived in a single-parent family prior to 1960. More than 1in 4 did so by the centurys end. Although the consequences of single parent family formation have received abundant scrutiny, less is known about the evolution of attitudes toward these families (Usdansky, 2009, p. 209). Is the increase of non-martial births due to eroding morals? Or, is there more ambivalence and apathy towards the single parent lifestyle? The cognitive development of morals and culture in emerging adult (ages 18-25) continues through middle age (Berger, 2008, p. 483). During this phase of human development, the emerging adult thinking is more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical (Berger, 2008, p. 472). The cultural background likely affects the cognitive process (Berger, 2008, p. 481). Cultural influences have an effect on religious belief development. The religious and spiritual growth of a genome progresses with stages of human development. Take the quotation below, for example. Marriage exerts less influence over how adults organize their lives and how children are born and raised than at any time in the nations history, the survey says. Between 1960 and 2005, the rate of unwed childbearing increased sevenfold, from 5.3 percent of all births to 36.8 percent. The survey finds that the average unwed mother is more likely to be white than black, and more likely to be an adult than a teenager. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The survey attributes this sharp increase in non-marital births to an ever greater percentage of women in the 20s, 30s, and older à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ delaying or forgoing marriage but having children. But more Americans than ever naively think they alone can make single-parenting work. Day-to-day realities slowly undermine this optimism. Single parents who have been at it awhile know better than anyone how less than ideal their situation is. Thats one reason we can expect to see more and more single parents looking for outside support. Single mothers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦often long for a strong, caring male to enter their childrens lives. So it nearly goes without saying: The church has a unique opportunity at this cultural moment. For years, we have been preaching the supremacy of the two-parent family, offering classes and seminars for young couples and familiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A dramatic example, but boys without father figures and girls without mother figures have a strike against them. The latest national study shows that more children than ever are entering the world with such strikes. Its an unprecedented cultural moment for Christians, to see if we can act less like individual consumers of spirituality and more like the family of God (The fatherless child, 2007, p. 5). On August 22, 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, better known as the Welfare Reform Bill. This law changes how governmental financial assistance is administered. On September 15, 2000, the Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala awarded five states $100 million ($20 million each) in for reducing the number of out-of-wedlock births. Among the priorities of the 1996 welfare reform law were promoting parental responsibility and encouraging two-parent families, said Secretary Shalala. Im very pleased to award these bonuses as an incentive to advance these important family goals (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 2000). Is the child borne of an unwed mother destined to poverty, illiteracy, and a life of crime? Is the single mother doomed to never-ending disgrace and the topic for scandalous gossip? In the next chapter, evidence throughout the years reveals the picture is not all black. The moment a child is born, the mother is also born. She never existed before. The woman existed, but the mother, never. A mother is something absolutely new. Rajneesh The year 1992 marked a pioneering event on network television. The highly-rated CBS show Murphy Brown started the new season with Murphy Brown, a divorced news anchorwoman, become pregnant and choosing to have the baby and raise it alone. Americas pro-lifers jeered, while the pro-choices cheered. Even the presidential candidates had something to say. Vice President Dan Quayle declared that the Los Angeles riots were caused in part by a poverty of values. He went on to denounce the acceptance of unwed motherhood. It doesnt help matters, Quayle complained, when Murphy Brown, a character who supposedly epitomizes todays intelligent, highly paid professional woman is portrayed as mocking the importance of fathers, by bearing a child alone, and calling it just another life-style choice (Murphy Brown, 1992). In 2006, Rosanna Hertz published her non-fiction book, Single by Chance, Mothers by Choice. She noted the Single By Choice (SBC) woman belongs to a distinct subgroup of single parents, who, out of a strong desire for a child, have made the active choice to go it alone. Moreover, she asserts the SBC route to parenthood does not necessarily seem to have an adverse effect on mothers parenting ability or the psychological adjustment of the child (Murray Golombok, 2005, p. 1655). From the early 1960s to the late 1980s, the percentage of women having a non-marital child increased by 50% among whites and by 24% among blacks (Currie, 2009, p. 37). One research study hypothesized a preventive group intervention with SBC mothers can identify potential psychological risk factors and help mothers with sensitive aspects of parenting (Ben-Daniel, Rokach, Filtzer, Feldman, 2007, p. 249). There is research indicating that women in the typical age group of SBC mothers (35 to 44) tend to experience more stress than younger mothers. Their lifestyle is well established; pregnancy and parenting are perceived by some as interfering with their chosen way of life, especially in her career. SBC women are often the oldest daughter in their family (Ben-Daniel et al., 2007, p. 263). In the few studies that exist on children of single mothers, no significant difference has been found in the childs emotional and social development. Likewise, the development of gender identity of children of single mothers, as compared with children raised in heterosexual families, was unaffected. The results of the study revealed therapeutic gain: Reduction of stress, tension and guilt; helped mothers prepared for parenting by encouraging a positive self-image and perceptions of the child. Improving the SBC mothers acceptance of her chosen family model therefore promoted her willingness to tell children their birth story (Ben-Daniel et al., 2007, p. 264). The child must be aware that it is okay to come from a family background different from a friends or neighbors. Some children live with two parents, others with only their mother or a father. Recently, grandparents have become the newest faction of caregivers for their grandchildren. Other relatives, step-parents, friends, or guardians are examples for the child to ponder. As one SBC mother revealed to her son, Walt Disneys famous mother and son elephant family never made reference to a father; and the mother and son seemed perfectly content. The child must know that he is a miracle, that since the beginning of the world there hasnt been, and until the end of the world there will not be, another child like him. Pablo Casals The non-marital child and his mother faced prejudice, humiliation, taunts and sneers over the centuries. The hurtful monikers of bastard or illegitimate child are slowly giving way to kinder terms. The prevalence of single by choice, mother by choice women is increasing at the end of the first decade in the 21st century. The commonality of alternative family models and the quiet acceptance of them allay the self-consciousness of the mother and child. No longer does the solo parent with her child have to endure the social stigma of a virtual scarlet letter. When two are a family, the biosocial, cognitive and psychosocial development of the non-marital child is determined by nature and nurture, the environment of unconditional love and acceptance by his society, and the eternal affection of his mother.

Physics of a Spudgun :: physics potato gun cannon

Well it's quite simple actually. Spudguns use some of the same principles as internal combustion engines. Just as burning gas forces a piston out of a cylinder it can also force out a potato. A spudgun is a device that uses some form of propellant to project a potato across the sky. Usually these devices are made of ABS plastic sewer pipe. There are several major parts of the spud gun that these pages will refer to. These parts are the firing chamber, the igniter, and the barrel. The ignition device of a spud gun is simply put the spark generator that causes the combustion of the fuel in the firing chamber. This device is usually a charcoal grill lighter. The button on the sparker is depressed and a spark arcs across a wire lead and a ground wire. The grill sparker is installed in to the back of the firing chamber by means of threading, epoxy, and bolts. This sparker becomes a projectile if it is not well seated in the end cap of the firing chamber. It must be held firmly in place withstanding any pressure produced by the fuels being burned in the chamber. This type or igniter will work in most conditions including when it becomes wet with fuel. Other igniters exist but are not recommended as highly as the charcoal grill sparker. The Colmen lantern spin lighter which use a flint and striker can become gummed up with some fuels and is not recommended for use in spud guns which will use hairspray as a primary fuel. This lighter must have new flints installed when they run out. This type of lighter also will fail to function when wet with fuel. The flame style barbecue lighter is a click lighter that produces a small-sustained flame. This lighter rarely misfires but is very hard to install given the high pressures it would be subjected to. Also the fuel in the lighter it self must be refilled. Some Spud Guns use a spark plug and battery setup that involves more work as well as more components. The benefits of this style of ignition system is that you have the ability to remote detonate the fuel from a safe distance. By far the push button charcoal grill sparker is the recommended igniter. It is cheap, effective, relatively easy to install and long lasting.

Romero Essay -- essays research papers

In the movie Romero, Archbishop Romero changes very much in his understanding of love and in his understanding of true conscience. At first Romero is just a priest who isn’t really concerned about the poor and how they are being oppressed, but when Romero is chosen to be the new Archbishop his friend, who is assassinated, I think has a slight impact on him. But I think when his friend is assassinated is when he really starts to realize what is happening to the country of El Salvador and how the government doesn’t want anyone to speak out about this. So, now Romero is starting to action against the government and tries to speak out against them. Here we see Archbishop Romero’s true conscience and love grow for the people around him because we see him taking more action against the government. I think that Archbishop Romero defines love as helping others who are in need and others who need his help whatever it may be. We see Romero do this when he starts to lead t he revolt in trying to tell the El Salvadoran Government to stop oppressing the poor and treat everyone as human beings. I think Romero has to make a very big decision considering, the gorillas were sending out flyers that said â€Å"Be a Patriot, Kill a Priest†. The decision that Romero had to make was whether or not to help the poor or just be a puppet for the cardinals that selected him to be a puppet in the beginning. I think the thing that made Romero choose to help out the poor was the love he had for them. I also be...

Essay --

Did you know? That the first mechanical computer was built in 1939 by Professor John V. Atanasoff in Iowa State; furthermore, it weighed 750 lbs, and had a memory storage of 3,000 bits which is equivalent to 0.4 Kilobyte. Computers today are known as PC, desktop, and laptop, and they less cost efficiency today because the technology we have today makes it so much easier to build desktops; in addition, of components such as the CPU, Motherboard, Memory, Storage, Video Card, Power Supply, and Case. Computers today weighed less in lbs; ergonomic designs are more slick; and the cost efficient makes it affordable to most computer buyers. Most computer companies has challenged one another: indeed, of specifications to slick designs to catch the computer buyers attention. Computers utilization today are mainly for multipurpose from business to entertainment.Computers is beneficial, it has started business and entertainment. Computer has made business much easier for people to find j obs. Games can be found in computer which can be entertainment for PC users. Computers today have been utilized in our everyday lives. People can surf the web, check their emails, and chat with people on social Medias. There are also negative effects of computers, it can cause many students to procrastinate on their homework or studying because Facebook and entertainment can be a very distracting. It’s a fact that it has caused most children to lack of extracurricular activity because now children are more into their computers then going outside to play and have fun with friends. Computers can be built by parts, such as the following components: CPU, Motherboard, Memory, storage, Video Card, Power Supply, and Case. For example, many of my friends tha... ...nd extremely expensive to buy. The first 1 gigabit disk drive was worth $40,000 and weigh 550 pounds. Computers were also used in the military to track missile or to start a missile and track enemy on the radar. The average human blinks 20 times a minute but when using computer blinks 7 times a minute. Computer has taught me, how to do coding with java script which is one of the computer language that I learned online. Java script has taught many people how to develop website or even make video games for other people to play. There are many other computer languages for me to learn in the upper division courses which I’m so ready for. Some people call â€Å"Java† as coffee drink. Many high school today don’t teach students how to coding because it’s not that popular right now. To me coding is like a magic power that I can transform or make things the way I want to be.

Macbeth Illness Motif

PD:3 Macbeth Motif: Illness Motif statement: Shakespeare utilizes the motif of illness to highlight how Macbeth’s thirst for power has led Scotland into tyranny. Illness symbolizes the decay of Macbeth’s morals along with the fall of Scotland. Quotations with explanations: 1. Scene 4 Act 3 Lines 169-181 Context: Malcolm and Macduff are speaking; the doctor enters and reports on the well-being of a cured patient. Macduff asks about the illness, Malcolm explains that the English King has healing powers. Explanation: This depiction of the king of England stands in an obvious contrast to descriptions of Macbeth.The king is shown to be one of the best of men, illustrated by his healing. His â€Å"heavenly gift of prophecy† allows his country to prosper. However, Macbeth’s forsight has led into a dark cave that it cannot escape from until Macbeth is dead. â€Å"Sundry blessings† hang around the English throne, while curses hang around the Scottish. 2. Sce ne 5 Act 4 Lines 62-64 Context: Just after Macbeth receives news of the soldiers marching against him, the doctor delivers a short but horrendous report of the condition of Macbeth’s wife.Macbeth compares the shambled state of his country to the unfortunate state of his wife. Explanation: In asking the doctor for a cure for Scotland, Macbeth displays that he finally notices the consequences of his actions. However, he is not admitting to his own actions being the cause of his country’s â€Å"disease. † This is said just after Macbeth has been told of the army marching toward the castle, and of the desertion of his nobles, which illuminates that the real illness in the country is him, Macbeth.By asking the doctor to purge Scotland of her disease, Macbeth is really asking the doctor to cure Scotland by removing him. 3. Act 3 Scene 4 Lines 51-55 Context: Lennox and another character are speaking of the political terror in Scotland, and Lennox comments on the desire for Macduff to return soon and save Scotland from the tyranny of Macbeth. Explanation: Before Macbeth’s thirst for power overcame his good nature, these two lords were close followers of Macbeth and obeyed his every command.Now that Macbeth has been utterly corrupted, Lennox is praying that the English rescue Scotland from their tyrant of a leader. Lennox describes Macbeth as having â€Å"a hand accursed† showing that any respect that he had for him has now vanished. Macbeth has shed all of his supporters and has put the country that he once longed to rule in terrible suffering. Quotes with context only: 1. Act 5 Scene 1 Lines 75-77 Context: The doctor sees firsthand the sleepwalking, and talking, and crying that Lady Macbeth does while asleep and says why he thinks she is doing it. . Act 5 Scene 3 Lines 49-55 Context: The doctor announces to Macbeth that his wife is not physically ill, but that her minds troubles are preventing her from sleeping. Macbeth then asks th e doctor why he does not just drug her so she could sleep. 3. Act 1 Scene 5 Lines 18-20 Context: After receiving the letter from Macbeth about the witches’ prophecy, Lady Macbeth wonders whether Macbeth has the courage and brutality to kill Duncan to become king, as the witches said. 4.Act 2 Scene 2 Lines 68-70 context: Macbeth returns from killing Duncan and is not able to put the knives back in the room. Lady Macbeth insults Macbeth by calling him weak and places the knives by the guards herself. 5. Act 2 Scene 3 Lines 25-26 context: Macbeth has just sent two murderers to kill Banquo and is now haunted by his past treasons. He dwells on how even through the pain that he had run Duncan through with his dagger, at least Duncan is able to rest, unlike him.

Barriers to Communication in the Health Sector

Barriers to communications in health and social care Communication is simply being able to pass a message and that message being understood by the person it was meant for and well understood and carried out without any problem. When this circle is interrupted either message is lost or not understood then we need to understand why. Barriers in the health sector comes in either: PHYSICAL is when a person can not access the care they want or need because of a physical problem like a walking difficulty or a wheelchair access * EMMOTIONAL:The barriers in the care sector are emotions. If not have dealt with certain feelings before by the feeler. †'Emotions can play a big part in barriers. It is important that workers within the health and social care field do not let their own emotions get the better of them.They must be professional and although friendships can be made it is important not too get attached to a service user or patient. † †'In the health and social care se tting many people may have problems and many things may be hard to deal with but workers must maintain professionals and not show a lot of emotion, yes we can empathise but we should not make a service user feel worse or more upset. * LANGUAGE :If a patient calls at his Gp and he cant speak English and no one can understand what he/she is saying then it might lead to time waste in treating that patient in terms of diagnosing patient ailment which could be deadly in terms of wrong diagnoses or time wasted in getting an interpreter.

Shapter 4 Global Finance Essay

Topics to Stimulate Class Discussion 1. Why are MNCs affected by exchange rate movements? 2. Why did exchange rates change recently? 3. Show the class a current exchange rate table from a periodical—identify spot and forward quotations. Then show the class an exchange rate table from a date a month ago, or three months ago. The comparison of tables will illustrate how exchange rates change, and how forward rates of the earlier date will differ from the spot rate of the future date for a given currency. 4. Make up several scenarios and ask the class how each scenario would, other things equal, affect the demand for a currency, the supply of a currency for sale, and the equilibrium exchange rate. Then integrate several  scenarios together to illustrate that in reality other things are not held constant, which makes the assessment of exchange rate movements more difficult. Critical Debate: The currencies of some Latin American countries depreciate against other currencies on a consistent basis. How can persistently weak currencies be stabilized? Proposition: The governments of these countries need to increase the demand for their currency by attracting more capital flows. Raising interest rates will make their currencies more attractive to foreign investors. They also need to insure bank deposits so that foreign investors who invest in large bank deposits do not need to worry about default risk. In addition, they could impose capital restrictions on local investors to prevent capital outflows. Opposing view: The governments of these countries print too much money because they make too many promises to the electorate that would otherwise have to be funded by higher taxes or borrowing at high interest rates. Printing money is the easy way out; but prices rise, exports decrease and imports increase. Thus, these countries could relieve the downward pressure on their local currencies by printing less money and thereby reducing the money supply and hence inflation. The outcome is likely to be a temporary reduction in economic growth and business failures. Higher interest rates would merely increase inflation. Reply: Solutions that cause riots are not very clever. With whom do you agree? Which argument do you support? Offer your own opinion on this issue. ANSWER: There is no perfect solution, but recognize the tradeoffs. The proposal to raise interest rates is not a good solution in the long run, because it will cause higher loan rates, and may slow down the economies in the long run. Effective anti-inflationary policies are needed to prevent further depreciation. However, the elimination of inflation that is caused by a wage-price spiral may cause some pain among the workers in the country,  as some form of wage controls may be needed. The government has various means of reducing inflation, but all of them can have adverse effects on the economy in the short run. As intimated in the question, inflation is a form of taxation, another way in which governments can raise money and inevitably reduce the value of ones earnings. Where governments are corrupt or have a poor control over the economy, inflation may be the only reliable way of â€Å"taxing†. In terms of economic welfare, the question is perhaps who suffers from inflat ion and a depreciating currency, perhaps not so many as long as the inflation is predictable. Answers to End of Chapter Questions 1. Percentage Depreciation. Assume the spot rate of the US dollar is  £0.54. The expected spot rate one year from now is assumed to be  £0.51. What percentage depreciation does this reflect? ANSWER: ( £0.51 –  £0.54)/ £0.54 = –5.55% Expected depreciation of 5.55% percent 2. Inflation Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that the UK inflation rate becomes high relative to euro inflation. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) UK demand for euros, (b) supply of euros for foreign currency, and (c) equilibrium value of the euro? ANSWER: Demand for euros should increase (euro prices cheaper), supply of euros for sale should decrease ( £ prices more expensive), and the euro’s value should increase (supply and demand). 3. Interest Rate Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume euro interest rates fall relative to British interest rates. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) euro demand for British pounds, (b) supply of pounds for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the pound? ANSWER: Demand for pounds should increase, supply of pounds for sale should decrease, and the pound’s value should increase. 4. Income Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that the income level in the euro area rises at a much higher rate than does the UK income level. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) euro area demand for British  pounds, (b) supply of British pounds for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the British pound in terms of the euro? ANSWER: Assuming no effect on interest rates, demand for pounds should increase, supply of pounds for sale may not be affected, and the pound’s value should increase. 5. Trade Restriction Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that the Japanese government relaxes its controls on imports by Japanese companies. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) UK demand for Japanese yen, (b) supply of yen for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the yen? ANSWER: Demand for yen should not be affected, supply of yen for sale should increase, and the value of yen should decrease. 6. Effects of Real Interest Rates. What is the expected relationship between the relative real interest rates of two countries and the exchange rate of their currencies? ANSWER: The higher the real interest rate of a country relative to another country, the stronger will be its home currency, other things equal. 7. Speculative Effects on Exchange Rates. Explain why a public forecast about the future value of the euro and about future interest rates by a respected economist could affect the value of the euro today. Why do some forecasts by well-respected economists have no impact on today’s value of the euro? ANSWER: Interest rate movements affect exchange rates. Speculators can use anticipated interest rate movements to forecast exchange rate movements. They may decide to purchase securities in particular countries because of their expectations about currency movements, since their yield will be affected by changes in a currency’s value. These purchases of securities require an exchange of currencies, which can immediately affect the equilibrium value of exchange rates. If a forecast of interest rates by a respected economist was already anticipated by market participants or is not different from investors’ original expectations, an announced forecast does not provide new information. Thus, there would be no reaction by investors to such an announcement, and exchange rates would not be affected. 8. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. What factors affect the future movements  in the value of the euro against the dollar? ANSWER: The euro’s value could change because of the balance of trade, which reflects more U.S. demand for European goods than the European demand for U.S. goods. The capital flows between the U.S. and Europe will also affect the U.S. demand for euros and the supply of euros for sale (to be exchanged for dollars). 9. Interaction of Exchange Rates. Assume that there are substantial capital flows among the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Euro area. If interest rates in the United Kingdom declines to a level below the U.S. interest rate, and inflationary expectations remain unchanged, how could this affect the value of the euro against the U.S. dollar? How might this decline in the United Kingdom’s interest rate possibly affect the value of the British pound against the euro? ANSWER: If interest rates in the UK decline, there may be an increase in capital flows from the UK to the U.S. In addition, U.S. investors may attempt to capitalize on higher U.S. interest rates, while U.S. investors reduce their investments in UK’s securities. This places downward pressure on the pond’s value. Euro investors who previously invested in the UK may shift to the U.S. Thus, the increased demand for dollars by euros may increase the value of the dollar in relation to the euro. 10. Trade Deficit Effects on Exchange Rates. Every month, the UK trade deficit figures are announced. Foreign exchange traders often react to this announcement and even attempt to forecast the figures before they are announced. a. Why do you think the trade deficit announcement sometimes has such an impact on foreign exchange trading? ANSWER: The trade deficit announcement may provide a reasonable forecast of future trade deficits and therefore has implications about supply and demand conditions in the foreign exchange market. For example, if the trade deficit was larger than anticipated, and is expected to continue, this implies that the UK demand for foreign currencies may be larger than initially anticipated. Thus, the pound would be expected to weaken. Some speculators may take a position in foreign currencies immediately and could cause an  immediate decline in the pound. b. In some periods, foreign exchange traders do not respond to a trade deficit announcement, even when the announced deficit is very large. Offer an explanation for such a lack of response. ANSWER: If the market correctly anticipated the trade deficit figure, then any news contained in the announcement has already been accounted for in the market. The market should only respond to an announcement about the trade deficit if the announcement contains new information. 11. Comovements of Exchange Rates. Explain why the value of the British pound against the dollar will not always move in tandem with the value of the euro against the dollar. ANSWER: The euro’s value changes in response to the flow of funds between the U.S. and the countries using the euro or their currency. The pound’s value changes in response to the flow of funds between the U.S. and the U.K. As the UK economy is different from the euro economy, economic events will have a different impact, the events themselves may also differ. Assuming that the market is efficient and that the exchange rates do move according to relevant information the fact that the relevant information sets differ justifi es a less than perfect correlation of movements. That they are similar is understandable as although different, the differences are not that great. 12. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. In the 1990s, Russia was attempting to import more goods but had little to offer other countries in terms of potential exports. In addition, Russia’s inflation rate was high. Explain the type of pressure that these factors placed on the Russian currency. ANSWER: The large amount of Russian imports and lack of Russian exports placed downward pressure on the Russian currency. The high inflation rate in Russia also placed downward pressure on the Russian currency. 13. National Income Effects. Analysts commonly attribute the appreciation of a currency to expectations that economic conditions will strengthen. Yet, this chapter suggests that when other factors are held constant, increased national income could increase imports and cause the local currency to weaken. In reality, other factors are not constant. What other factor is likely to be affected by increased economic growth and could place upward  pressure on the value of the local currency? ANSWER: Interest rates tend to rise in response to a stronger economy, and higher interest rates can place upward pressure on the local currency (as long as there is not offsetting pressure by higher expected inflation). 14. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. If the Asian countries experience a decline in economic growth (and experience a decline in inflation and interest rates as a result), how will their currency values (relative to the British pound) be affected? ANSWER: A relative decline in Asian economic growth will reduce Asian demand for UK products, which places upward pressure on Asian currencies. However, given the change in interest rates, Asian corporations with excess cash may now invest in the UK or other countries, thereby increasing the demand for pounds. Thus, a decline in Asian interest rates will place downward pressure on the value of the Asian currencies. The overall impact depends on the magnitude of the forces just described. 15. Impact of Crises. Why do you think most crises in countries (such as the Asian crisis) cause the local currency to weaken abruptly? Is it because of trade or capital flows? ANSWER: Capital flows have a larger influence. In general, crises tend to cause investors to expect that there will be less investment in the country in the future and also cause concern that any existing investments will generate poor returns (because of defaults on loans or reduced valuations of stocks). Thus, as investors liquidate their investments and convert the local currency into other currencies to invest elsewhere, downward pressure is placed on the local currency. 16. How do you think weaker economic conditions would affect trade flows in a Developing Country? How would weaker conditions affect the value of its currency (holding other factors constant)? How do you think interest rates would be affected? ANSWER: Weak world economic conditions would result in a reduced demand for foreign products, wh ich results in a decline in the demand for foreign currencies, particularly the currencies of developing countries that rely on exports. Taking the US as the dominant economy there would therefore  be downward pressure on currencies relative to the dollar (upward pressure on the dollar’s value). The lower U.S. interest rates that accompany weaker economic conditions should reduce the capital flows to the U.S., which place downward pressure on the value of the dollar. Advanced Questions 17. Measuring Effects on Exchange Rates. Tarheel Co. plans to determine how changes in UK and euro real interest rates will affect the value of the British pound. a. Describe a regression model that could be used to achieve this purpose. Also explain the expected sign of the regression coefficient. ANSWER: Various models are possible. Based on the model above, the regression coefficient is expected to have a negative sign. A relatively high real interest rate differential would likely cause a weaker euro value, other things being equal. An appropriate model would also include other independent variables that may influence the percentage change in the peso’s value. b. If Tarheel Co. thinks that the existence of a quota in particular historical periods may have affected exchange rates, how might this be accounted for in the regression model? ANSWER: A dummy variable could be included in the model, assigned a value of one for periods when a quota existed and a value of zero when it did not exist. This answer requires some creative thinking, as it is not drawn directly from the text. 18. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. Mexico tends to have much higher inflation than the United States and also much higher interest rates than the United States. Inflation and interest rates are much more volatile in Mexico than in industrialized countries. The value of the Mexican peso is typically more volatile than the currencies of industrialized countries from a U.S. perspective; it has typically depreciated from one year to the next, but the degree of depreciation has varied substantially. The bid/ask spread tends to be wider for the peso than for currencies of industrialized countries. a. Identify the most obvious economic reason for the persistent depreciation  of the peso. ANSWER: The high inflation in Mexico places continual downward pressure on the value of the peso. b. High interest rates are commonly expected to strengthen a country’s currency because they can encourage foreign investment in securities in that country, which results in the exchange of other currencies for that currency. Yet, the peso’s value has declined against the dollar over most years even though Mexican interest rates are typically much higher than U.S. interest rates. Thus, it appears that the high Mexican interest rates do not attract substantial U.S. investment in Mexico’s securities. Why do you think U.S. investors do not try to capitalize on the high interest rates in Mexico? ANSWER: The high interest rates in Mexico result from expectations of high inflation. That is, the real interest rate in Mexico may not be any higher than the U.S. real interest rate. Given the high inflationary expectations, U.S. investors recognize the potential weakness of the peso, which could more than offset the high interest rate (when they convert the pesos back to dollars at the end of the investment period). Therefore, the high Mexican interest rates do not encourage U.S. investment in Mexican securities, and do not help to strengthen the value of the peso. c. Why do you think the bid/ask spread is higher for pesos than for currencies of industrialized countries? How does this affect a U.S. firm that does substantial business in Mexico? ANSWER: The bid/ask spread is wider because the banks that provide foreign exchange services are subject to more risk when they maintain currencies such as the peso that could decline abruptly at any time. A wider bid/ask spread adversely af fects the U.S. firm that does business in Mexico because it increases the transactions costs associated with conversion of dollars to pesos, or pesos to dollars. 19. Aggregate Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that the United Kingdom invests heavily in government and corporate securities of Country K. In addition, residents of Country K invest heavily in the United Kingdom. Approximately  £10 billion worth of investment transactions occur between these two countries each year. The total pound value of trade transactions per year is about  £8 million. This information is expected to also hold in the future. Because your firm exports goods to Country K, your job as  international cash manager requires you to forecast the value of Country K’s currency (the â€Å"krank†) with respect to the pound. Explain how each of the following conditions will affect the value of the krank, holding other things equal. Then, aggregate all of these impacts to develop an overall forecast of the krank’s movement against the pound. a. UK inflation has suddenly increased substantially, while Country K’s inflation remains low. ANSWER: Increased UK demand for the krank. Decreased supply of kranks for sale. Upward pressure in the krank’s value. b. UK interest rates have increased substantially, while Country K’s interest rates remain low. Investors of both countries are attracted to high interest rates. ANSWER: Decreased UK demand for the krank. Increased supply of kranks for sale. Downward pressure on the krank’s value. c. The UK income level increased substantially, while Country K’s income level has remained unchanged. ANSWER: Increased UK demand for the krank. Upward pressure on the krank’s value. d. The UK is expected to impose a small tariff on goods imported from Country K. ANSWER: The tariff will cause a decrease in the United Kingdom’ desire for Country K’s goods, and will therefore reduce the demand for kranks for sale. Downward pressure on the krank’s value. e. Combine all expected impacts to develop an overall forecast. ANSWER: Two of the scenarios described above place upward pressure on the value of the krank. However, these scenarios are related to trade, and trade flows are relatively minor between the UK and Country K. The interest rate scenario places downward pressure on the krank’s value. Since the interest rates affect capital flows and capital flows dominate trade flows between the UK and Country K, the interest rate scenario should overwhelm all other scenarios. Thus, when considering the importance of implications of all scenarios, the krank is expected to depreciate. 20. Speculation. Blue Demon Bank expects that the Mexican peso will depreciate against the dollar from its spot rate of $.15 to $.14 in 10 days. The following interbank lending and borrowing rates exist: U.S. dollar Mexican peso Lending Rate 8.0% 8.5% Borrowing Rate 8.3% 8.7% Assume that Blue Demon Bank has a borrowing capacity of either $10 million or 70 million peos in the interbank market, depending on which currency it wants to borrow. a. How could Blue Demon Bank attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposited funds? Estimate the profits that could be generated from this strategy. ANSWER: Blue Demon Bank can capitalize on its expectations about pesos (MXP) as follows: 1. Borrow MXP70 million 2. Convert the MXP70 million to dollars: MXP70,000,000 Ãâ€" $.15 = $10,500,000 3. Lend the dollars through the interbank market at 8.0% annualized over a 10-day period. The amount accumulated in 10 days is: $10,500,000 Ãâ€" [1 + (8% Ãâ€" 10/360)] = $10,500,000 Ãâ€" [1.002222] = $10,523,333 4. Repay the peso loan. The repayment amount on the peso loan is: MXP70,000,000 Ãâ€" [1 + (8.7% Ãâ€" 10/360)] = 70,000,000 Ãâ€" [1.002417]=MXP70,169,167 5. Based on the expected spot rate of $.14, the amount of dollars needed to repay the peso loan is: MXP70,169,167 Ãâ€" $.14 = $9,823,683 6. After repaying the loan, Blue Demon Bank will have a speculative profit (if its forecasted exchange rate is accurate) of: $10,523,333 – $9,823,683 = $699,650 b. Assume all the preceding information with this exception: Blue Demon Bank expects the peso to appreciate from its present spot rate of $.15 to $.17 in 30 days. How could it attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposited funds? Estimate the profits that could be generated from this strategy. ANSWER: Blue Demon Bank can capitalize on its expectations as follows: 1. Borrow $10 million 2. Convert the $10 million to pesos (MXP): $10,000,000/$.15 = MXP66,666,667 3. Lend the pesos through the interbank market at 8.5% annualized over a 30-day period. The amount accumulated in 30 days is: MXP66,666,667 Ãâ€" [1 + (8.5% Ãâ€" 30/360)] = 66,666,667 Ãâ€" [1.007083] = MXP67,138,889 4. Repay the dollar loan. The repayment amount on the dollar loan is: $10,000,000 Ãâ€" [1 + (8.3% Ãâ€" 30/360)] = $10,000,000 Ãâ€" [1.006917] = $10,069,170 5. Convert the pesos to dollars to repay the loan. The amount of dollars to be received in 30 days (based on the expected spot rate of $.17) is: MXP67,138,889 Ãâ€" $.17 = $11,413,611 6. The profits are determined by estimating the dollars available after repaying the loan: $11,413,611 – $10,069,170 = $1,344,441 21. Speculation. Diamond Bank expects that the Singapore dollar will depreciate against the euro from its spot rate of 0.48 euros to 0.45 euros in 60 days. The following interbank lending and borrowing rates exist: Lending Rate euro Singapore dollar 7.0% 22.0% Borrowing Rate 7.2% 24.0% Diamond Bank considers borrowing 10 million Singapore dollars in the interbank market and investing the funds in euros for 60 days. Estimate the profits (or losses) that could be earned from this strategy. Should Diamond Bank pursue this strategy? ANSWER: Borrow S$10,000,000 and convert to euros: S$10,000,000 Ãâ€" 0.48 = 4,800,000 euros Invest funds for 60 days. The rate earned in the euros for 60 days is: 7% Ãâ€" (60/360) = 1.17% Total amount accumulated in 60 days: 4,800,000 euros Ãâ€" (1 + .0117) = 4,856,160 euros Convert euros back to S$ in 60 days: 4,856,160 /0.45 = S$10,791,467 The rate to be paid on loan is: .24 Ãâ€" (60/360) = .04 Amount owed on S$ loan is: S$10,000,000 Ãâ€" (1 + .04) = S$10,400,000 This strategy results in a profit: S$10,791,467 – S$10,400,000 = S$391,467 Diamond Bank should pursue this strategy. Blades plc Case Study As the chief financial officer of Blades plc Ben Holt is pleased that his current system of exporting â€Å"Speedos† to Thailand seems to be working well. Blades’ primary customer in Thailand, a retailer called Entertainment Products, has committed itself to purchasing a fixed number of Speedos annually for the next three years at a fixed price denominated in baht, Thailand’s currency. Furthermore, Blades is using a Thai supplier for some of the components needed to manufacture Speedos. Nevertheless, Holt is concerned about recent developments in Asia. Foreign investors from various countries had invested heavily in Thailand to take advantage of the high interest rates there. As a result of the weak economy in Thailand, however,  many foreign investors have lost confidence in Thailand and have withdrawn their funds. Ben Holt has two major concerns regarding these developments. First, he is wondering how these changes in Thailand’s economy could affect the value of the Thai baht and, consequently, Blades. More specifically, he is wondering whether the effects on the Thai baht may affect Blades even though its primary Thai customer is committed to Blades over the next three years. Second, Holt believes that Blades may be able to speculate on the anticipated movement of the baht, but he is uncertain about the procedure needed to accomplish this. To facilitate Holt’s understanding of exchange rate speculation, he has asked you, Blades’ financial analyst, to provide him with detailed illustrations of two scenarios. In the first, the baht would move from a current level of  £0.0147 to  £0.0133 within the next 30 days. Under the second scenario, the baht would move from its current level to  £0.0167 within the next 30 days. Based on Holt’s needs, he has provided you with the following list of questions to be answered: 1. How are percentage changes in a currency’s value measured? Illustrate your answer numerically by assuming a change in the Thai baht’s value from a value of  £0.0147 to  £0.0173. 2. What are the basic factors that determine the value of a currency? In equilibrium, what is the relationship between these factors? 3. How might the relatively high levels of inflation and interest rates in Thailand have affected the baht’s value? (Assume a constant level of UK inflation and interest rates.) 4. How do you think the loss of confidence in the Thai baht, evidenced by the withdrawal of funds from Thailand, affected the baht’s value? Would Blades be affected by the change in value, given the primary Thai customer’s commitment? 5. Assume that Thailand’s central bank wishes to prevent a withdrawal of funds from its country in order to prevent further changes in the currency’s value. How could it accomplish this objective using interest rates? 6. Construct a spreadsheet illustrating the steps Blades’ treasurer would need to follow in order to speculate on expected movements in the baht’s value over the next 30 days. Also show the speculative profit (in pounds) resulting from each scenario. Use both of Ben Holt’s examples to illustrate possible speculation. Assume that Blades can borrow either  £7 million or the baht equivalent of this amount. Furthermore, assume that the following short-term interest rates (annualized) are available to Blades: Currency Dollars Thai baht Lending Rate 8.10% 14.80% Borrowing Rate 8.20% 15.40% Solution to Continuing Case Problem: Blades. 1. How are percentage changes in a currency’s value measured? Illustrate your answer numerically by assuming a change in the Thai baht’s value from a value of  £0.0147 to  £0.0173. ANSWER: The percentage change in a currency’s value is measured as follows: % S St St 1 1 where S denotes the spot rate, and St 1 denotes the spot rate as of the earlier date. A positive percentage change represents appreciation of the foreign currency, while a negative percentage change represents depreciation. In the example provided, the percentage change in the Thai baht would be: = 17.69%  £0.0173 –  £0.0147  £0.0147 That is, the baht would be expected to appreciate by 17.69%. 2. What are the basic factors that determine the value of a currency? In equilibrium, what is the relationship between these factors? ANSWER: The basic factors that determine the value of a currency are the supply of the currency for sale and the demand for the currency. A high level of supply of a currency generally decreases the currency’s value, while a high level of demand for a currency increases its value. In equilibrium, the supply of the currency equals the demand for the currency. 3. How might the relatively high levels of inflation and interest rates have affected the baht’s value? (Assume a constant level of UK inflation and interest rates.) ANSWER: The baht would be affected both by inflation levels and interest rates in Thailand relative to levels of these variables in the UK. A high level of inflation tends to result in currency depreciation, as it would increase the Thai demand for UK goods, causing an increase in the Thai demand for dollars. Furthermore, a relatively high level of Thai inflation would reduce the UK demand for Thai goods, causing an increase in the supply of baht for sa le. Conversely, the high level of interest rates in Thailand may cause appreciation of the baht relative to the dollar. A relatively high level of interest rates in Thailand would have rendered investments there more attractive for UK investors, causing an increase in the demand for baht. Furthermore, UK securities would have been less attractive to Thai investors, causing an increase in the supply of dollars for sale. However, investors might be unwilling to invest in baht-denominated securities if they are concerned about the potential depreciation of the baht that could result from Thailand’s inflation. 4. How do you think the loss of confidence in the Thai baht, evidenced by the withdrawal of funds from Thailand, affected the baht’s value? Would Blades be affected by the change in value, given the primary Thai customer’s commitment? ANSWER: In general, a depreciation in the foreign currency results when investors liquidate their investments in the foreign currency, increasing the supply of its currency for sale. Blades would probably be affected by the change in value even though its Thai customer’s commitment, as the sales are denominated in baht. Thus, the depreciation in the baht would have caused a conversion of the baht revenue into fewer pounds. 5. Assume that Thailand’s central bank wishes to prevent a withdrawal of funds from its country in order to prevent further changes in the currency’s value. How could it accomplish this objective using interest rates? ANSWER: If Thailand’s central bank wishes to prevent further depreciation in the baht’s value, it would attempt to increase the level of interest rates in Thailand. In turn, this would increase the demand for Thai baht by UK investors, as Thai securities would now seem more attractive. This would place upward pressure on the currency’s value. However, the high interest rates could reduce local borrowing and spending. 6. Construct a spreadsheet illustrating the steps Blades’ treasurer would need to follow in order to speculate on expected movements in the baht’s value over the next 30 days. Also show the speculative profit (in dollars) resulting from each scenario. Use both of Ben Holt’s examples to illustrate possible speculation. Assume that Blades can borrow either  £10 million or the baht equivalent of this amount. Furthermore, assume that the following short-term interest rates (annualized) are available to Blades: Currency Dollars Thai baht Lending Rate 8.10% 14.80% Borrowing Rate 8.20% 15.40% ANSWER: (See spreadsheet attached.) Depreciation of the Baht from  £0.0147 to  £0.0133 1. Borrow Thai baht ( £10,000,000/0.0147) 2. Convert the Thai baht to pounds 680,272,109 bahtÃâ€"  £0.0147). 3. Lend the pounds at 8.10% annualized, which represents a 0.68% return over the 30-day period [computed as 8.10% Ãâ€" (30/360)]. After 30 days, Blades would receive ( £10,000,000 Ãâ€" (1 + .0068)) 4. Use the proceeds of the dollar loan repayment (on Day 30) to repay the baht borrowed. The annual interest on the baht borrowed is 15.40%, or 1.28% over the 30-day period [computed as 15.40% Ãâ€" (30/360)]. The total baht amount necessary to repay the loan is therefore (680,272,109 Ãâ€" (1 + .0128)) 680,272,109 10,000,000 10,068,000.00 688,979,592 5. Number of pounds necessary to repay baht loan (688,979,592 bahtÃâ€"  £0.0133) 9,163,429 6. Speculative profit ( £10,068,000 –  £9,163,429)  £904,571 Appreciation of the Baht from  £0.0147 to  £0.0167 1. Borrow pounds. 2. Convert the pounds to Thai baht ( £10 million/ £0.0147). 3. Lend the baht at 14.80% annualized, which represents a 1.23% return over the 30-day period [computed as 14.80% Ãâ€" (30/360)]. After 30 days, 10,000,000.00 680,272,109 Blades would receive (THB 680,272,109Ãâ€" (1 + .0123)) 4. Use the proceeds of the baht loan repayment (on Day 30) to repay the dollars borrowed. The annual interest on the dollars borrowed is 8.20%, or 0.68% over the 30-day period [computed as 8.20% Ãâ€" (30/360)]. The total dollar amount necessary to repay the loan is therefore ( £10,000,000 Ãâ€" (1 + .0068)) 5. Number of baht necessary to repay dollar loan ( £10,068,000.00/ £0.0167) 6. Speculative profit (THB688,639,456– THB602,874,251) 7. Dollar equivalent of speculative profit (THB 85,765,205Ãâ€" £0.0167) 688,639,456 10,068,000.00 602,874,251 85,765,205 1,432,278 Blades would be ill advised to speculate in this way as it is not a specialist in the financial markets and does not have specialist abilities or information to use. These actions are thyerfore little better than gambling and are highly ill advised. Small Business Dilemma Assessment by the Sports Exports Company of Factors That Affect the British Pound’s Value 1. Given Jim’s expectations, forecast whether the pound will appreciate or depreciate against the euro over time. ANSWER: The pound should depreciate because the British inflation is expected to be higher than the euro. This could cause a shift in trade flows that would place downward pressure on the pound’s value. The interest rate movements of both countries are expected to be similar for both countries. Therefore, there should not be any adjustment in the capital flows between the two countries. 2. Given Jim’s expectations, will the Sports Exports Company be favourably or unfavourably affected by the future changes in the value of the pound? ANSWER: The Sports Exports Company will be unfavourably affected, because depreciation in the British pound will cause the pound receivables to convert into fewer euros.

Abortion According to Aristotle Essay

Do you believe that abortion is morally correct? That taking away someone else’s life is an option? That abortion is following the Golden Mean according to Aristotle? Currently, many people believe that it can be an option, because the baby hasn’t been born yet. But others, including Aristotle will disagree. First of all, who is Aristotle? Aristotle was a philosopher who thought that an act is morally correct if it follows the Golden Mean. This is an action or a feeling responding to a particular situation at the right time, the right way, the right amount or/and the right reason. See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay Not too much and not too little. The key to the Golden Mean is in moderation. I picked Aristotle because I believe that he has the best ethical philosophy. I agree with Aristotle’s ideas about the Golden Mean because I believe that if you are a moderate person, you will not take anything to an extreme and you’ll make good decisions. He also believes in the Sofia Virtue which is that you have to think straight, learn well and act accordingly. This idea mostly settles in the consequences of actions and how you may respond on them. The Golden Mean also tell us that you need to require virtue because it shows how moral a person is, but what I don’t agree that if a person is virtues, they will know exactly when to stop on their own. I don’t agree with that idea because sometimes virtuous people are forced to do something they don’t like to do so they try to stop it, but they are unable. Currently, abortion is a major issue facing the world, especially for teens. Abortion is when there is a conscious or intentional termination in human pregnancy. There are two types of it: therapeutic and elective. Therapeutic is when the mother needs to abort because of health issues while elective, is when the mother wants to abort because she doesn’t want the baby. The two ways to abort are: medical and surgical. Medical is when the doctor gives the patient some drugs to terminate the pregnancy. The only problem with medical abortion is that it can only function for the first nine weeks after conception and the patient will receive strong cramps. The other way, the surgical is when the doctor removes the fetus by manual vacuum aspiration/dilatation/evacuation. These three different ways are by absorbing the organs or pulling the fetus part by part. This can only be practice for 15 to 24 weeks after conception. According to Aristotle’s thought, abortion is not following the Golden Mean because it is an action that doesn’t respond at the right time by making a decision at a wrong time, in the right way and the right amount of reason, by choosing an excess. Also, abortion is not following the Sofia Virtue because when you are making the decision to abort, you are not thinking straight, acting accordingly, and learning well because you are choosing an option that is an excess. Another idea that abortion is not following Aristotle’s beliefs is that people who are choosing to abort are choosing an excess instead the mean. In this case, the deficit will be keeping the baby and the mean will be giving the baby for adoption. Adoption will actually be a mean because it is what is morally correct and is the best for the baby because he/she will be with a family that will love them instead of a place where they won’t be loved. While keeping the baby will be a deficit because they might know that they weren’t wanted and that will harm the baby. Aristotle also thought that if someone was virtuous, they would know when exactly to stop on their own or begin. When we relate this thought with an example of rape and adoption, many people disagree because many girls want to stop the rape, but they can’t. Later, their consequences are that they are expecting a baby from someone who rapes them. According to Michael Smith, rape is the reason for 13,000 of 1. 3 million annual abortions (Smith, â€Å"Women’s Health†). It may not be too many people but you can ask yourself about how many babies are being aborted. 13,000 have been killed because of it, and I believe that it is morally incorrect, that the safest thing to do is give it to adoption. Instead of going to an excess, these girls should use the Sofia Virtue and think straight and make an appropriate decision that will not affect anybody. Based on the moral reasoning of Aristotle, the correct ethical response to abortion is abstinence. To have sex at the right time, in the right way by protecting yourself, and with the right amount of reason so that if there is an unexpected baby, you will be prepare for it. So when, you are in a situation that you’ll need to choose between an excess, mean, and deficit, you should consider the Golden Mean because it will make you think straight and act accordingly while making the decision and learning the consequences that it may bring. Work Cited 1. Aspiration. †08 Feb. 1009. Web. 05 Apr. 2012 http://www. rhtp. org/abortion/mva/. 2. Hill, Peter. â€Å"Contact Medical News Today. †Medical News Today. MedLexicon International, 27 Feb 2004. Web. 23. May. 2013 http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/contactus. php. 3. â€Å"What is Abortion? † What is Abortion? N. p. , 08 June 2010. Web. 22. May. 2013 http://www. bpas. org/bpasyoungpeople/what-is-abortion 4. Smith, Michael, W. â€Å"Woman’s Health. †Abortion- Reasons Women Choose Abortion. Healthwise 22, Feb. 2011. May 23, 2013 http://women. webmd. com/tc/abortion-reasons-women-choose-abortion.

Describe and discuss the Ebers medical papyrus and the Edwin Smith Research Paper

Describe and discuss the Ebers medical papyrus and the Edwin Smith papyrus. When and how were they found What do they contain - Research Paper Example The main study of these papyri was conducted in Berlin in the year between1954-1973 (Atta and Hussein 123). The Ebers papyrus has haphazard collection of medical texts which are organized in paragraphs which are arranged in blocks and thus addressing specific medical conditions. It contains the most voluminous medical record of the ancient Egypt known. The proof that diseases healed from magical spells, were not available in the papyrus. Issues regarding the supernatural intervention in relation to treatment and diagnosis are highlighted in paragraphs (David and Rosalie 124). Diseases discussed by the Ebers papyrus include; disease of the stomach such as intestinal parasites, anus diseases, skin diseases, head diseases, treatment of migraines, flow of urine, hair, flesh wounds and burns and extremities of the disorders (Bonn and Kitty 45). From the Edwin Smith Papyrus, we are able to point out that, they were able to treat fractured and dislocated bones. From this again we find out t hat they too treated dislocated bones and performed minor surgical procedures. On the same note, they were able to treat diseases in physical manner. However, alongside this physical treatment, they accompanied it with spiritual practices. According, to Edwin Smith Papyrus, much of the treatment involved crushing and mixing of herbs. Diseases addressed by Edwin Smith Papyrus include: tongue diseases, conditions related to dermatology, dental diseases, ear diseases, throat and nose diseases and gynecological disorders. There are also discussions regarding the diagnosis of pregnancy, treatment of tumors, trachoma, birth control and fractures (David and Rosalie 89). About seven hundred magical formulas their remedies are also contained. The papyrus notes that the heart serves as the centre of the supply of blood with the attachment of vessels to other parts of the body. Seemingly the Egyptians did know little about the kidneys and assumed the heart to be the meeting point vessels carry ing body fluids such as blood, urine, tears, and sperm. The chapter known as the Book of Hearts gives details about the mental disorders. Dementia and depression are equally covered (Haas 90). The Ancient Egyptians, like the Ancient Greeks and the Romans, have provided modern historians with grounded knowledge and evidence towards medicine and sufficient knowledge on the medical field. This evidence is particularly based on the many papyrus found in the archaeological sites. This is like in the history of man, where some of these beliefs of the Egyptians were based; myths and legends. This should not however, be disputed with the increase of knowledge of the Egyptian people who exceedingly grew in human anatomy and plain commonsense. In the Ancient Egypt the treatment of illness was no longer carried out by the common magicians and medicine men, because knowledge of diseases and their curing method had already developed. This is supported by the archaeological evidences available in the papyri (refers to physicians and doctors). This is particularly amazing, in that there are archaeological digs that have added more evidence of men titled as physicians. This means that all the knowledge about the Ancient Egypt medicine comes from the discoveries of papyrus documents. Most of these papyrus documents have come from the era of 1900 BC and 1500 BC (White and Renee 45-67). This is the evidence to the common